The legacy of Orcadian Arctic explorer John Rae
Orkney, a small archipelago off the northeastern coast of Scotland, is a place of rugged beauty, rich history, and fascinating stories. Among its many remarkable history is that of John Rae, a pioneering Arctic explorer whose life and achievements are forever intertwined with these islands.
This guide will explore the life of John Rae, his work with the Hudson’s Bay Company, and the local landmarks that keep his memory alive.
John Rae’s Orkney: Places to Visit
John Rae’s contributions to Arctic exploration are an integral part of Orkney’s rich heritage. By visiting the places connected to Rae’s life, you can gain a deeper understanding of his achievements and the rugged beauty of the islands that shaped him.
Hall of Clestrain
Hall of Clestrain, located near Orphir, is the birthplace of John Rae. This Georgian manor house offers a unique glimpse into Rae’s early life. Although currently undergoing restoration, the house is still accessible for visitors who want to see where Rae’s journey began.
Efforts are underway to transform Hall of Clestrain into a museum dedicated to Rae, which will provide a comprehensive look at his life and achievements.
FIND OUT MORE ABOUT HALL OF CLESTRAIN AND THE PROJECT TO SAVE IT
Kirkwall Cathedral (St. Magnus Cathedral)
St. Magnus Cathedral in Kirkwall is a must-visit for anyone interested in Orkney’s history and John Rae’s legacy. This impressive red sandstone structure dates back to the 12th Century.
He died in 1893 in London, but his body was returned to Orkney where he was laid to rest in the grounds of the Cathedral.
Inside the cathedral, you will find a memorial dedicated to John Rae. The plaque commemorates his contributions to Arctic exploration and his connection to Orkney. The cathedral is open to visitors year-round.
Stromness
Stromness, a picturesque town on the southwest coast of Mainland Orkney, is closely linked to John Rae.
Stromness Museum
The Stromness Museum is an essential stop for understanding Rae’s impact on Arctic exploration. The museum houses a significant collection of artefacts related to Rae and other explorers. Exhibits include personal items, tools, and detailed accounts of his expeditions.
The museum is open daily during the summer months and on select days during the winter, so plan your visit accordingly.
John Rae Memorial
In the heart of Stromness, the John Rae Memorial stands as a tribute to the explorer. This bronze plaque and statue, mounted on a stone cairn, honours Rae’s achievements and his connection to Orkney.
Located near the harbour, it’s a poignant spot to reflect on Rae’s life while enjoying views of the bustling port. It’s an easy walk from the museum, making it a convenient addition to your Stromness itinerary.
Exploring Stromness
Stromness itself is worth exploring. Wander through its narrow, winding streets, and you’ll find several locations tied to Rae’s family.
The town’s maritime heritage is evident everywhere, from the historic buildings to the vibrant harbour. Consider taking a guided walking tour to learn more about the town’s history and Rae’s connections.
The Life of John Rae
Early Life in Orkney
John Rae was born in 1813 in the small parish of Orphir, Orkney. His upbringing on these windswept islands played a significant role in shaping the man he would become. The harsh weather and challenging terrain of Orkney instilled in Rae a resilience and resourcefulness that would serve him well in his later adventures. He received his education locally before moving to Edinburgh to study medicine, a decision that would set him on a path to becoming one of the most renowned Arctic explorers of his time.
Career with the Hudson’s Bay Company
In 1833, at the age of 20, John Rae joined the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) as a surgeon. His first posting was to Moose Factory, a remote trading post in Canada.
Rae quickly adapted to the challenging environment, learning survival skills from the Indigenous peoples, such as how to travel efficiently on snowshoes and build igloos. These skills would prove invaluable in his future explorations.
Arctic Exploration and Discoveries
Rae’s time with the HBC saw him embark on numerous expeditions into the Arctic. He was known for his meticulous preparation and ability to endure the harsh conditions.
One of his most significant contributions came in 1854 when he discovered the fate of Sir John Franklin’s ill-fated expedition.
Rae found evidence of the crew’s desperate struggle for survival, including artefacts and testimonies from the Inuit people about cannibalism among the starving men. Although controversial at the time, Rae’s findings were later validated and provided crucial insights into the fate of the Franklin Expedition.
Later Years and Legacy
Despite his achievements, John Rae did not receive the same level of recognition as some of his contemporaries. However, his legacy as a skilled explorer and his respect for Indigenous knowledge have been increasingly acknowledged.
Rae continued to work for the HBC and the British government, mapping parts of the Canadian Arctic and contributing to our understanding of this remote region. He passed away in 1893, leaving behind a legacy of exploration and discovery that is still celebrated today.
Complete Guide to the
Orkney Islands
Read all about the Orkney Islands, places to visit and the unique wildlife you may encounter
The Hudson’s Bay Company and John Rae
History of the Hudson’s Bay Company
The Hudson’s Bay Company, founded in 1670, was one of the oldest and most influential trading companies in North America.
Its primary business was the fur trade, but it also played a crucial role in exploring and mapping the continent. The company’s trading posts were often the starting points for expeditions into uncharted territories.
John Rae’s Role in the Company
John Rae’s role in the Hudson’s Bay Company extended beyond his medical duties. His talent for exploration and his ability to live off the land made him a valuable asset. Rae’s expeditions often focused on gathering geographical information and establishing new trade routes. His interactions with the Indigenous peoples were marked by mutual respect, and he was known for adopting their techniques and knowledge, which greatly enhanced his effectiveness as an explorer.
Impact on Arctic Exploration
Rae’s contributions to Arctic exploration were significant. He mapped large areas of the Canadian Arctic, including parts of the Northwest Passage. His approach to exploration, which emphasized self-reliance and respect for local knowledge, was ahead of its time. Rae’s discoveries and methods paved the way for future explorers and contributed to the eventual navigation of the Northwest Passage.
Practical Information for Visiting John Rae’s Orkney
Getting to Orkney
Travelling to Orkney can be an adventure. Ferries run from mainland Scotland to several locations on the islands, including Kirkwall and Stromness. Alternatively, flights are available to Kirkwall from major Scottish cities such as Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen.
Accommodation in Orkney
Orkney offers a variety of accommodation options to suit all budgets and preferences. In Kirkwall and Stromness, you’ll find small bed and breakfasts, guesthouses, hotels and campsites.
Best Times to Visit
The best time to visit Orkney is during the summer months, from May to September. The weather is milder, and the days are long, allowing you to make the most of your time exploring the islands. Summer also coincides with many local festivals and events, providing additional opportunities to experience Orkney’s culture.
Getting Around
Orkney is relatively easy to navigate, with a network of roads connecting the main islands. Car rentals are available, and there are also public bus services that can take you to most of the key locations.
